Corporal Punishment Essay Example for Free

Corporal Punishment Essay Corporal punishment is a subject that has a lot of emotional opinions for me. The Collins English Dictionary describes corporal punishment as punishment of a physical nature, such as caning, flogging, or beating. The description of caning, flogging or beating should be enough to indicate that it is not needed for children. Corporal punishment has a tone that is too close to child abuse to be comfortable with any form of it. I suppose the clarity should be to try to define the line between discipline and abuse. Corporal punishment in my mind is abuse, not discipline. Discipline should not leave marks, bruises or cause lasting physical or emotional pain. It should be something that gets the child’s attention and offers correction, but too many parents or adults simply just don’t know where the line is and when they have so clearly crossed it. I realize that psychological marks or bruises maybe difficult to read but I believe that there can be some tell-tale signals that indicate how effective it was in a child’s upbringing or how ineffective it was in the same measure. Corporal punishment in families is a controversial practice in the United States and worldwide. (Zolotor, A. J. , Puzia, M. E. (2010). 229-247) Zolotor indicates that advocates of corporal punishment deem it to be a necessary practice for well-behaved children. He further states that it harms children psychologically and interferes with development. Ask any parent, â€Å"do you spank your children? † and, many will quickly admit that they do. However their definition of spanking and the reality of corporal punishment are often too close to each other to separate discipline from abuse. I grew up in a family that discipline meant instant harsh responses to someone’s disfavor of your actions. In my family, discipline could be dealt out by anyone your senior including aunts, uncles, grandparents, older siblings, older cousins, or just about anybody who would have a reaction to a child being a child and investigating their limitations and curiosities. When I think about whether or not corporal punishment is effective or not, I have to admit that I have a severely tainted view and opinion. It is not easy to see clearly how punishing a child for discipline sake and having hem scream, â€Å"I am scared† when they are about to be disciplined can possibly mean the same thing. As I sit here preparing to provide opinions or belief systems in my life that do not support corporal punishment, I think of the moments in my childhood that I remember most. I remember a sad day in my mother’s life when she, for some reason, asked me what I remember most about my childhood and I said, â€Å"The beatings, mom, I remember the beatings most†. I saw the pain in her eyes and it provided no consolation for me or peace for me. I realized in that moment, I probably hurt my mother emotionally more than she ever hurt me physically. I wasn’t trying to be dramatic or even trying to punish her for the life I led as a child. It was just the truth as it stood that day. I am almost fifty years old and I must admit that I still flinch when I am walking through a door and happen to have a woman walk in at the same time or behind me. My father used to smack the boys in the back of the head if we did not remember our manners and hold the door for women. He would scream some unusable obscenity and tell us to be a man of respect and manners and just about knock us to the ground in the process. The argument might be that it was effective because I will almost break my arm to hold a door open for a woman entering a room or a building regardless of the situation. I just think that chivalry is not dead and just do what is expected of a man who provides appropriate respect to women. Twenty-four countries have passed legislative bans on corporal punishment since the passage of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Coleman, D. , Dodge, K. A. , Campbell, S. (2010). This would seem to be sufficient information to indicate that there is strong evidence to prove that it is not a practice that can be tolerated or supported. If the leadership of twenty-four countries have agreed that this is not a proper way to take care of discipline issues with children, someone must have decided that there was enough evidence that proved children need to be protected from the ignorance of their parents. This statement holds a lot of credence for me because this had to be a subject that drew national and international attention at some time in the recent past. Someone brought up the subject of corporal punishment to the leadership of twenty four countries who all agreed that it was an ineffective form of discipline. I remember when I was a child in school at a small school in Arkansas, the principal, Mrs. Hewey, would have a conversation with my brother and me at least twice a week. The conversation was usually followed by the use of a two and a half foot long board that was about five inches wide and had holes drilled in it. Depending on our offense that day we would see anywhere from one to three good solid swats from that board and I swear that she would lean back all the way into the hallway to get a running start at the swing before it viciously collided with your backside. I don’t think this was really that effective but it usually took less than two days for my brother and me to be right back in her office for another try at that board. The only real problem was that every day we had this interaction, we were sure to get some more when we got home from one parent or the other and possibly both if the offense in school was strong enough. Children whose parents approved of and used corporal punishment were more likely to endorse hitting as a strategy for resolving interpersonal conflicts with peers and siblings. (Simons, D. A. , Wurtele, S. K. (2010) Reading this statement alone provides insight on the problems with relationships today. Whether it is factual or just opinion, it would seem that this is reason for other relationship issues that deal with conflict and conflict resolution. It would seem that we could easily expect to hear someone say, â€Å"if he hits you, hit him back† and this would be the fantastic wisdom they provide their children as they also are swift to find reason to administer swift punishment for simply being a child. I was once in a grocery store and overheard an overzealous father telling his son, â€Å"If he hits you again, you hit him back and if you have to do it when he is not watching, but you hit him and hit him again and again. He will certainly leave you alone if you do. † I immediately thought how awful this child’s youth and teenage years were going to be if he followed his father’s misguided advice. I must admit that in hearing just thirty seconds of a conversation, I felt sadness for the boy and disappointment and pity for the father. I thought that someday he is going to be one of those fathers who receives a phone call that says his son is in the hospital or worse because he followed his advice. He will never associate the situation with the advice he gave his son in his most impressionable years. He will just think evil of the people who harmed his son. HE will then respond in the only way he knows how, he will strike back too. Proving again that the discipline he received and the discipline he provided lacked wisdom and only invited sadness and loss in it. According to an article written by Hicks-Pass in 2009 entitled, â€Å"Corporal Punishment in America Today: Spare the Rod, Spoil the Child? † Hicks-Pass described findings that supported an intergenerational cycle of violence; parents who experienced frequent corporal punishment during childhood perceived its use as acceptable and frequently spanked their children. Basically, this means that whatever environment you are raised in will more than likely become a part of your belief system up to and including your approval of the use of corporal punishment. I have often that the exact opposite about some things as I look back on my youth and early parenthood, I found myself saying, â€Å"As a father, I refuse to repeat this behavior with my children† and worked very hard to recognize the responses in me that would have or could have led to the use of corporal punishment. I am a long way from perfect but there are a lot of ways that I have separated myself from the intergenerational beliefs systems that could have overpowered my desire to be different and in some cases better. Some of the ways that I believe a parent can discipline a child that are far removed from corporal punishment are: a) Communicating with them on their level and at a tone of instruction. Yelling is not allowed. This takes patience recognizing that a child doesn’t understand at the same pace or academic level as an adult. So it is one that requires parents to sit down and talk things out with the child explaining the right and wrong behavior and the expected behavior from the parent’s standpoint and then enforcing the change through limitations. b) Time outs that separate them from the situation completely and give them time to calm down and for the parent to do so as well. My children have a five-minute egg timer that we use when they need some time to stop and regroup. We have a place in their room where they have a chair and the egg timer. Once seated there, they cannot move until the ding of the egg-timer goes â€Å"bing†. Then they have to bring the egg timer and the explanation of the situation. Then as a parent, I explain to them the difference between what is expected and what they were doing and then ask for their confirmation of understanding. With five year olds, this takes patience because their attention span is so much shorter. ) Take aways – When my twins begin to argue about something it is usually because one of them has something the other wants and they both begin to fight for it. It is funny that they do not want it until it is firmly in the grasp of the other twin and then they begin to fight for position or possession. Here I just simply take away whatever it is they are arguing about until they can calm down and realize that it is not appropriate or fair to be jealous of someone else especially when they were doin g something that you had no interest in until they began it. This is usually over the use of the I-Pad, Computer, or some form of their homework or books in their room. Through it all, the idea is simple. If twenty-four countries have made corporal punishment illegal, then it would only make sense that we have to begin to educate those families caught up in the circle of violence that it more often than not follows. We have to also educate them with alternatives and coach them through it as they learn alternatives methods of providing discipline and guidance. I can’t remember how many times, my father was providing his discipline and was saying something like, â€Å"I told you not to do this and you are going to get it even if I have to beat it into you! † The fact is I don’t think I ever really got it and therefore have spent most of my adult life separating myself from it. If we start with ourselves and help educate others, we can make a difference but it will take generations to do so. It will not come quickly enough and many children with suffer the wrath of parents who have become their parents.

The Model That Kubler Ross Came Up With Philosophy Essay

The Model That Kubler Ross Came Up With Philosophy Essay This is an idea spearheaded by Dr. Elizabeth Kubler-Ross. The doctor studied and came up with methods of support and guidance for people who suffered from trauma, grief and grieving. This study of death is called thanatology this would in turn make Dr Kubler-Ross a thanatologist and she has contributed a lot to the relevance of this genre. The studies and research she did helped others to be able to cope with the grief they experienced either personally or through friends and loved ones. This is mostly because before her theories mostly people just put aside their feelings, this especially with the western civilization who take death as a bad omen or taboo. Dr. Kubler-Ross came up with the main stages that one undergoes when in grief and the effects that this has on the person involved and the society at large. The behaviours of those under grief range from the belief they could not stop the events that occurred for them to suffer grief, the grieving might have different conflicting emotions where they cope with what has occurred. The grieving can move from laughter to sadness. They may engage in activities to occupy their minds and so forth. Experts believe that grief can be classified into two main styles: Intuitive and Instrumental where Instrumental represent those people that perform physical activities as their way of grieving for instance sports, dancing and hobbies that excite them. Intuitive on the other hand take from the event that led to the grief and start taking their lives from a different perspective by changing the way they live, do more charity work, mend broken relationships since life is too short and it is not worth to hold grudges. The model that Kubler-Ross came up with constituted five main stages. This was illustrated in her book On Death and Dying  [1]  . The first stage is Denial, in this stage the individual grieving due to loss or any other stressful activity that has happened for instance broken relationships and loss of employment (KuÃÅ'ˆbler-Ross (1974)). The grieving believes they are fine with everything and that they have nothing to worry about. This according to Dr Kubler-Ross is only but a temporary solution since one now takes situations more personally and it takes a heavy toll to hide the real feelings they have. The other stage is anger, this stage the affected individual is angered by why this has happened to them and not to anyone else though it may have happened to many other people before them (KuÃÅ'ˆbler-Ross (1974)). This people believe that the world has something against them and they look for people or something to let it out on. These people start being violent and unbecoming towards those close to them which make the situation even worse. In this stage the person grieving cannot continue with denial as this is not enough, this makes them do something they might regret but seemed a good idea at the time. The next stage is bargaining the individual has now come to terms with what has happened and now tries to make sure they give themselves hope to have enough time in the world if they are dying or more time with their loved ones if your loved one is faced with death. The end result is now at hand and one will do close to anything to have just a little more time. Bargaining will include spending all your life savings to postpone the death of the loved one this includes having them on life support for as long as possible until you are even bankrupt(KuÃÅ'ˆbler-Ross(2005)). This stage one has already accepted their fate but believe if they could only have more time. The person grieving wants more time to make sure they have done everything or most of what they wished to do in their bucket list before they say their final goodbye. The next stage is Depression, here one has given up if one is dying they do not bother with anything anymore if one is losing a loved one they lose hope also and do not want to continue on with their lives. The knowledge that death is now very certain one disconnects, for the one dying they may refuse to see those they loved, they grieve on their own and accept their fate since constantly seeing those they love is even worse (KuÃÅ'ˆbler-Ross (2005)). Those losing a loved one should not try to give them false hopes as this will counteract on them so they should leave their loved ones to process the grief they are facing as this is very important for them. The last and final stage is acceptance one here has to prepare themselves of the expected reality. This is where one cannot change what is to happen so they do their best to make sure they have come to terms with what is to happen and say their goodbye. When one accepts the reality they can be able to move on in peace and cherish the life lived by those they lost. These stages when first formulated by Dr. Kubler-Ross mostly involved those suffering from terminal illnesses for instance cancer but it was later translated to also be relevant for personal loss which includes job, relationships, freedom and natural disasters. These stages may not be experienced by every person in the world who is grieving nor in the order shown above but one must experience at least two of the stages when grieving. The process of grieving is very important and one should not force it or rush to recovery. This process should be left to work itself out for as long as required. This should go on until one eventually reaches the final stage of accepting their loss and move on from here as there is so much to live for. It is very important to realize that as life is important death is equally important and one should be able to understand and embrace it as it is inevitable. This model of grief applies to gender due to the fact the toll taken by the different gender male and female is very diverse. The problems or grief faced by a male towards risks or dangerous situations is not that threatening but the same to a female is very threatening. Examples include men are the ones who are tasked with being the source of security while women stay behind the scenes. The same is true for grief women tend to show their grief more openly than their male counterparts thus a female is more likely to recover from grief faster than men since they do not hide the toll grief takes on them making their recovery quicker, while men mostly are in denial for a very long time thus the process is very slow and they hurt more emotionally. Emotional responses are different across the gender roles thus the grief model helps us understand the perspectives that people are different. This shows we should give the individual suffering from some grief ample time to recover from the issues associated with the loss  [2]  . The time it takes for you if quick do not push others to also come to terms with their grief as this may have a negative effect on the person. The model of Kubler-Ross acknowledges there is more or less a pattern for individuals suffering from bereavement, great loss, loss of employment and the levels that it affects the individuals vary greatly. The result eventually is acceptance and no matter how long it takes or the order of the stages of grief they will cope. The main realization of this model is life moves on and with time everyone heals. Once an individual realizes how to deal with their emotions they will be able to undergo this process more easily. Grief is experienced by everyone at one time or another and the time it takes to heal varies from one person to the next. It can be anywhere from a month to even two or more years. Grief does not mean that one cannot experience happiness, joy and laughter this can be felt even when one is suffering from even the worst of situations. Other people their grief is recurring even after long periods of time. This is mostly due to underlying issues in their psychology for instance depression that was aggravated as a result of the loss or dependency on the lost loved one in your life thus they are a constant reminder they are no longer there for you. There have been other experts that show that to cope with grief is not necessarily in stages but a dual process. This was described by Stroebe and Schut that it is changing from experiences you have of loss to your normal experiences before the loss came into the picture. This helps the bereaved to realize there is more to live for and so come to terms with their grief. The work of psychologist J.W. Worden also noted the tasks of grief which involved the acceptance of the reality of the loss as one cannot do anything about it. The second was to work through the pain of grief this is the same as taking your time to heal and recover from the loss to return your life to normal. The next task is to adjust your life to living without the lost loved one in your day to day environment. The last task is to control your emotions to the fact the deceased is no longer with us and thus move on with your life without them. In children, grief, for example in divorce, is manifested through a systematic process. The first step is denial, where the children feel the requirement to accept that their guardians will get back together, or they will alter their opinion about the separation. There is the thought in the childs head that both parents will change their minds and get back together. The next step is anger. This is where children feel the requirement to accuse somebody for their pity and misfortune. This is evident where the child is agitated and blames one parent from leaving them. Next, a child is at a stage where they want to bargain. In this stage, kids feel as though they have some state in the scenario assuming that they carry a deal to the table. This causes them keep concentrated on the positive that the scenario may change, and less kept tabs on the negative, and the bitterness theyll encounter after the separation. For example, a child may want to run errands hoping that this will bring peace to the parents and defer the breakup. Depression next sets in, and includes the tyke encountering bitterness when they know there is nothing else to be finished, and they acknowledge they cant stop the separation. The folks need to let the tyke encounter this technique of lamenting in light of the fact that provided that they dont, it will just indicate their failure to adapt to the scenario. Finally, a child acknowledges the situation. This does not fundamentally imply that the tyke will be altogether cheerful once more. The acknowledgement is only moving past the wretchedness and beginning to acknowledge the separation. The sooner the folks begin to proceed onward from the scenario, the sooner the kids can start to acknowledge the actuality of it. Grief during a break up occurs in the following manner. In the denial stage, the individual being broken up with is unable to concede that the relationship is truly over. Theyll surmise that it is either a joke or that the other partner will soon come to acknowledge that it was an oversight and theyll be back together. In the anger stage, when the actuality sets in that the relationship is over, it is common for one partner to demand the knowledge of why the relationship ended. This stage can make them feel like they are being treated treacherously and it might cause them to end up being angry at individuals near them who want to help the break up scenario. After the anger stage, comes the bargaining stage where one will attempt to argue with their previous spouse by guaranteeing that whatever initiated the breakup will never happen again. Next the individual may feel debilitated that their bargaining supplication did not persuade their previous spouse to alter their opinion. This will send the individual into the depression stage and can create an absence of sleep, eating food and even upset everyday bodily functions such as bowel movement. Acknowledgement and moving on from the scenario and individual is the final stage. The individual acknowledges that the relationship is over and starts to get up and go on with their life. The individual may not be totally over the scenario however they are finished backpedaling and onward to the focus where they can acknowledge the actuality of the scenario. In the case of alcohol abuse, an individual feels that they dont have an issue concerning liquor or substances. Regardless of the fact that they do feel as though they may have a minor issue they accept that they have finite control over the scenario and can quit drinking or doing pills whenever they need. During their angry phase, the abuser identifies with how they get angry on the grounds that they have a habit or are angry that they can no longer use drugs. Some are angry that they are enslaved by drugs and do not want to be like so anymore, and others are angry that they can no longer use drugs. In the bargaining stage, medication and liquor abusers endure when they are attempting to influence themselves or another person that they are setting off to quit misapplying to receive something in return or get them out of inconvenience. In the depression stage, sadness and sadness are vital parts of the sadness stage while managing a medication abuser. Most abusers experience this when they are facing the withdrawal stage stopping their compulsion. It is essential to convey the aforementioned sentiments as a technique of the mending. The acceptance stages ends up with substance abusers conceding you have an issue is diverse the same as tolerating you have an issue. At the time you concede you have an issue this is less averse to happen in the bartering stage. Tolerating that you have an issue is when you acknowledge that you have an issue and begin the procedure to resolution the issue. As stated in the above examples, as per her theory, Kà ¼bler-Ross guaranteed the aforementioned stages dont essentially come in place, nor are everything stages encountered by all patients. She stated, in any case, that an individual will dependably encounter no less than two of the stages. Regularly, individuals will encounter numerous stages in a roller coaster impact switching between two or more stages, coming back to one or more sometimes before working through it. Women are more possible than men to experience each of the five stages. Nonetheless, the Kà ¼bler-Ross theory holds that there are people who battle with expiration until the close. Certain clinicians accept that the harder an individual battles passing, the more probable they will be to stay in the refusal stage. Provided that this is the situation, it is conceivable the affected individual will have more trouble biting the dust in a noble manner. Different analysts state that not facing death until the end is better for some individuals. A dying persons approach to passing on has been joined to the measure of significance and reason an individual has discovered all through his lifetime. An investigation of 160 individuals with less than three months to live demonstrated that those who felt they comprehended their reason in life or considered uncommon importance, confronted less fear and lose hope in the last weeks of their lives than those who had not. In this and comparative studies, deep sense of being assisted kicking the bucket people manage the wretchedness stage more forcefully than those who were not otherworldly. Investigations of teaching method, the procedure of instructing, propose that the examples of distress are restricted of depicting the fundamental examples of joining new informative content that clashes with past convictions. Additionally, see Learning hypothesis (training) All truth passes through three stages. First and foremost, it is scorned. Second, it is brutally contradicted. Third, it is acknowledged as being undeniable. stated Arthur Schopenhauer of the studying technique, which relates to the five phases of distress with mocking being disavowal, restriction being anger and bartering, and acknowledgement being gloom and acknowledgement. There is additionally a theory which recommends that this studying methodology is the same example perceived in the here and there and then here again circling development of a molecule being aggravated by a wave.[6] Emotional force climbs and down and up once more, while information moves regressive, forward, back, and then send once more, until the distinctive is blissful with the way they have mixed the new qualified data with the old. We comprehend that individuals immersed in the result of grief need to realize what to need and to what extent it will keep going. Such inquiries can never be attractively answered. Since each griever is exceptional, there are no quick answers about sorrow. To the extent that as weve put into disproving the stages, Kubler-Ross herself disproves them superior to we can in the opening passage of On Grief and Grieving: The stages have developed since their presentation, and they have been extremely misconstrued in the course of recent decades. They were never intended to assist tuck chaotic feelings into flawless bundles. They are reactions to misfortune that numerous individuals have, yet there is not an ordinary reaction to misfortune, as there is no run of the mill misfortune. Our anguish is as distinctive as our lives. Not everybody lives out every last one of them or goes in a recommended request.

Analysing The Universality Of Human Rights Philosophy Essay

Analysing The Universality Of Human Rights Philosophy Essay Abstract:This paper aims to critically study and assess the different perspectives on the universality of human rights,and locate the position of the perspectives according to Dembours four schools of thoughts. The perspectives of human rights on cultural divesity and linguistic diversity have also been emphasized upon here. Universality of Human Rights its Different Pespectives Human Rights are rights that one is entitled to enjoy simply because of thefact that he is a human being. These are equal and inalienable for all , and cannot be denied to anyone human in nature and form. Thus they are Universal in nature, and function as a legitimate standard for a political system. This ofcourse willlead to a discussion of being human and enjoying the human rights(Donelly 2003). Being Human beings, everyone deserves to enjoy certain rights after fulfilling certain obligations to the society. These fulfillment of obligations are based on morality of the people as an individual and as a class, judged by the society at large and then being endowed with certain privileges to be enjoyed in the form of Political rights. Rectitude and entitlement, the two aspects of a right, are directed towards a preset standard of conduct, which bings forth the duty and obligation that an individual is expected to perform, and calls for individual and universal attention towards righteousness . Performance of this duty entitles the individual to enjoy the et of privileges in the form of a right. To have a right to something, makes one entltled to own the sole authority to enjoy it, denial or repression of which entitles one to have special claim for justice. Rights enjoyed by one cannot be reduced because it clashes with correlative duties of another, neither can it be reduced for enjoying a benefit. Hence, rights give authority to its holders , and not just benefits( Donelly 2003). Rights are meant to be exercised, enjoyed, respected, and enforced.These are the four principle dimensions of a right. Respecting ones rights gives other the privelege of enjoying and asserting his own rights, otherwise it is liable to be questioned , threatened or denied. A violation of a right is an injustice doneto someone, and is subject to distinctive force and remedial logic(Donelly 2003). Ludwig Wittgenstein, the analytical philosopher propagated that a concept should not be defined by what one thinks it means , but by its meaning and practice in everyday life. One should rather analyse facts on the basis of observation, rather than thinking. This led to the introduction of his concept of Family Resemblance The concept of Human rights when approached through the family resemblance matrix, highlight the following factors: Morality Their existence disregarding social recognition Possessed by every human being Their arbitrariness Emergence through political and social struggle Their usage for political communication Servitude to bourgeois Basis on human nature Bear a socio-legal concensus Ability toget transformed into legal rights ( Dembour 2006). Dembour argues that , although most people believe in the combination of the first three factors as the essential element of the concept of Human Rights, or that human rights exist irrespective of bein having social recognition as every man is deemed to enjoy it being human beings as the rights are framed on the basis of human nature, it should not be assumed that it rests on a socio- legal consensus, or bears arbitrariness in its state. He believes that Human Rights have come into existence as result of force of language use, and believes that they would cease to exist if conversation ordiscussions about them die down Different competingconcepts of Human rights exist inthe society,and people fight to establish their own opinions disregarding others. Donellys concept og Human Rights though is encouraging for many, but highlight some political or intellectual inadequacies in termsof moral integrity in his book Universal Rights in Theory and Practice. Harshers Philosphy Of Human Rights points out that Human Rights demands that every single individuals dignity is considered in an existing political norm, where one individuals security of Human Rights leads to the security of another , mankifesting this security to an indefinite expanse and time in the society(Dembour 2006). Every individual craves for recognition in the personal and intimate level where an identity is formed, as well as in the broader socio-politcal level. The uniform formation or malformation of an identity and recognition leads to infringement or violation of rights by one on the other. The politics of universalism emphasizes on equal dignity of all citizens, barring division in the society leading to classes of citizenship. However, from the politics of Universalism grows the politics of differences, when one shifts from the universally familiar and accepted practices in the society (Taylor 1994). This is the basis of differentiation amongst the fellow members of the society , which threatens the universality of theHuman Rights and often leads to its violation. While enjoying their human rights,individuals tendto forget that their forbearers had to fight to acquire them,and hence they need to be protected. Hence it is often found that Human Right issues are treated with a Machiavellean approach, with the sole intention of maintaining ones interests and dominion power( Dembour2006). A study of Dembours four schools of thought would further help to understand the different perspectives of Human Rights. Position of the Perspectives:Dembours 4 schools of thought on Human Rights Based on the analysis of the thoughts of the scholars, Debmour has broadly categorised all discussions on human rights to be based on four schools, namely- The Natural Scholars: These group of scholars believe inthe existence ofthe Human Rights independent of social recognition, laying their basis on the Universe,God, Reason or any Transcendental source. Their basis of Human rights is much contradictory according to Dembour, as they propagate that it is based on human nature as well as consensus. The Natural Scholars argue that human rights constitute a social choice of a particular moral vision of human potentiality, which is directly linked to the historical rise and consolidation of liberalism in the modern west. This according to Dembour is contradictory as human rights cannot have their existence always as well as historically. The Natural scholars according to him perceive Human Rights as universal even though they come to receive a single means of expression. They do not depend on an actual manifestation of it on the context of t he international law, disregarding the metaphysical basis.Some natural scholars again, do not agree t hat consensus is the basis of Human Rights.In this regard , Michael Freeman disagrees with Donelly for considering consensus as a basis of Human Rights in order to avoid conflicting and contradictory philosophical theories on Human Rights. Scholars like Donelly consider Human rights to be readily protected,and wantedthe most when they are not enjoyed. The Natural scholars on the aspect of embodiment of human rights by human laws opine that human beings can actually have human rights because they are humans. The Protest Schlars:These scholars believe that, Human Rights is language to express a protest, and is not an entitlement as thought by others. Harscher, one ofthe prominant scholars of this schol of thought argues that thebasis of human rights on God and reason should be should be absolutely discarded for the sole reason that god is non existent, and reason does not transcend as it is focused only on itself. The protest scholars depend more on things that are less specific and deal with social consciousness.However, Harschers view of considering the existence of a society where human rights are efficiently protected naturally is very m,uch surprising as the protest scholars are naturally never satisfied with whatever they receive in this world but ask for more. They always visualize human rights injustice, and want tofight the abuses of the rights. On the aspect of embodiment of human rights by human laws, the protest scholars argue that ,human rights are always beyond reach, being the negative principle at the heart of social imaginery. Dembour points out, Rights therefore according to the Protest scholars are -moral claims or aspirations, which challenge the status- quo, and are chiefly concerned with the oppressed class of people. They evolve historically and are directed towards a more free and egalitarian human society. The Deliberative Scholars: The most interesting part about this group ofscholars is that, they stay committed to human rights withou believingin them, though both the natural scholars as well as the protest scholars strongly believe inhuman rights. The Deliberative scholars consider human rights to be an essential string of procedural principles or legal and political values that is necessary for running the government. They believe human rights should not dictate howthings should be substantively , but rather act as guiding principles of a process. Both Michael Ignatief f and Conor Gearty ,the two prominent representatives of this school are of this opinion.They believe that there cannot be any human rights beyond human rights law, and the sole objective of human rights should be about the process, and not attaining the right moral solutions. The Deliberative scholars are non-religious in their approach to human rights and get itassociated with the concept of liberalism. The Discourse Scholars: The Discourse scholars are a bit cynical about the existence of human rights. Makau Mutua in his book Human Rights:A A Political And CulturalCritique presents his scepticism saying that human rights cannot necessarily present the best means to alleviate suffering. He further mentions that, to him the very concept of human rights seems dangerous as far as the human society is concerned, and Universality in terms of Human Rights is even more shocking. Wendy Browm has a different opinion than Mutua, but expresses her doubt pertaining to Human rights asking about the standpoint of Human rights, in the perspective of International justice project, or should it be considered as a progressive international justice project. Thediscourse scholars not only insist on the non-naturalness of human rights, but also question the benefits of human rights on the individuals as well as the society.They point out at the inefectivity of the concept of the human rights , but fail to provide an appropriate standpoint on this discourse, and explain what their alternative would rather be. (Dembour2006) Human Rights Perspectives on Diversity Cultural diversity in any state calls for cultural recognition in the political governance of a state,and have been reflected by various ethno-national movements, language groups, indegenous people, migrant communities. Cultural diversity has become a major challenge for many nations, and affects their policy making. Globalization is one ofthe major factors responsible for cultural diversification. The intense capital flow in the market, the post-Fordist production methods, and the widespread western consumer culture globally has given rise to various social movements that lay emphasis on their own distinct ethnicity, linguism or religion. The common claim of all these movements is to be included equally in the mainstream society, and their particular identities be recognized publicly. Cultural diversity has become a major threat to the nation states,where claims of cultural recognition put forwarded by different social movement groups has started to be considered as a majotr threat to the stability of the state and national unity.Theoretically,governing a culturally diversepolity has become a major challengingand controversial issue for the nation states, with the institutionalization of Human Rights in the cultural and social platform. The international human rights have far reaching contributions in the periphery of national citizenship. Its institutionalization in both goverment and non-governmental organizations has led to the establishment of a Universal Personhood,which go beyond the arena of classical modern political tradition. The Right of equality and non-discrimination have thus been specifically mentioned in articles peraining to individual rights to cultural identity andminority rights, obliging governments of the state to take up a pro-active approach in promoting the identity of all minorities within their territories(ICCPR Article 27 adopted by the UN in 1996)(Koenig Guchteneire 2007). Multi-Culturalism In General Multiculturalism terminoligically refers to practice of sharing a set of positive evaluation of cultural traditions and ethnic identities of minorities. The literatures, arts and even politics cites evidences about it, acknowledging the intellectual and artiostic contributions of the minorities, though multiculturist thought is often accusedof promoting nihilism as they are considered to be influenced by Derrida.The basic challenge faced by multicultural societies is,on one hand they are entitled to enjoy the rights and opportunities of a ;liberal democracy, on the other hand they also have the right to maintain their identity and remain different. This directly contradictsthenationalistic view of a state which maintains that a state should have a homogeneous culture. This refers to necessity of cultural uniformity, shared territory and citizenship as the basis of nation integrity and political legitimacy. The Classic Enlightenment thought highlights that a universal human civilizati on existed, which was accessible to all human beings. Propagators of German Romanticism emphasized that every nationality has their own linguistic and cultural character, which it had a right to defend. This concept developed as a defense against french Universalism restrained itself from interfering with individual human rights. Every society is a multicultural one irrespective of the fact of holding diverse ethnic groups, as it id full of individuals havinf different values and views peraining to the world. The practice of Multiculturalism in a society in thas respect can be a practice of instigating strong individualistic thinking, about personhood. If the core practices of multiculturalism is based on institutionalised diffrerences, it has the definite poossibility of regressing into apartheid, nihilism, or enforced ascription of cultural identities( Eriksen 1996,pgs 49-53). Linguistic Diversity Language is one ofthe three major dimensions of cultural diversity. Historically it is evident that Nation States have been formed on the basis of linguistic homogeneity,so as to ease the process of communicatrion in the governance. The most sensisite challenge that a government faces is blending a collective identity with the territorially based national movement. Though Linguistic diversity does not lead to seccesionist movements, it sufficientently threatens a democracy. Language being the most essential form of communication, no state can maintain a state of neutrality as far as language is concerned. Apart from carrying out communicative and instrumental function,language also performs symbolic functions and contributes to the cobnstruction of collective identity. State building is often characterised by linguistic homogenization as found in the case of France. The standardization of scripts, grammar , semantics and cannonization of literatures are the most important policy tool s involved in the process of state building. The Classical Democratic Theory is essentially develop on this linguistic characteristics of a state, where language is considerd as the main public discourse. This modular concept is presently challenged by the defacto linguistic diversity that arises out of international migration abnd social networks which is basedon the new electronic media communication,and by dejure linguistic pluralism imposed on the nation states by the international human rights regimes.Ferdenand de Varennes argues that, language rights are generally considered as basic human rights of freedom of expression and non-discrimination both in the global as well as various regional human rights regimes. Thet are inadequately captured by notions of unenforceable collective or minority rights. It is argued that claims to the privalkte and public use of minority language rights are more justified as individual human rights. However since minorities cannot be termed as bea rers of collective rights, the transnational legal discourse on human rights de-legitinmizes strong policies of language homogenization and clearly obliges states to respect and promote linguistic diversity (Koenig Guchteneire 2007). Conlusion To conclude, it can be said that governing cultural and linguistic diversity is a very important and controversial issue in contemporary politics whethe in the domestic politics or international politics. States in order to accomodate increased cultural diversity has to balance by recognition of the diferences. They also have to promote equal participation of the minorities, ethnic groups and indegenous groups publicly, and with a vision towardsthe future should frame policies accordingly. This task alls for framing suitable policy making pertaining to trhe issues of the ethnic, linguistic and religious claims for recognition, going beyond classical institutional contours and modern nation-state. They also highlight that while human rights provide some normative yardsticks for making policies pertaining to these issues there are no simple or easy solution for dealing with the burning challenge of cultural diversity. The dynamics of ethnic ,linguistic, and religious diversity follow t heir own logics which are varied depending on the historical trajectories of state formation and nation building. Therefore,to accomodate cultural diversity it is essential to find highly context-sensitive pluralistic policy designs. Having knowledge of socio-historical context are pre-conditions for framing successful pluralistic policies that would contribute successfully to the political governance of cultural diversity. (Koenig Guchteneire 2007).

jane eyre :: essays research papers

When General Rochambeau met General Washington in 1781 to determine their next move against the British, Washington wanted to attack New York City. Rochambeau convinced him that the wiser move was to move South. Word had come from General Lafayette in Virginia that Cornwallis had taken up a defensive position at Yorktown. Cornwallis was situated next to the York River. If they could surround the city by land and cut off Cornwallis' escape route on the river, Washington and Rochambeau would strike an enormous blow to the British forces. Planning for the elaborate campaign began immediately. French Admiral de Grasse, stationed in the West Indies, would sail with his fleet to the Chesapeake Bay and secure the mouth of the York River. Meanwhile, Washington and Rochambeau would march south to Yorktown and form a semicircle around the city. The plan was simple in concept, but it would take great military skill to execute. First, Washington and Rochambeau started to march towards New York City. They stationed approximately 2500 men at the American forts near the city to fool the British into believing that Washington's entire force was still there. Then the combined Franco-American army raced south to Virginia. As they marched south, Admiral de Grasse's fleet arrived at the Chesapeake Bay. They defeated the British fleet of Admiral Thomas Graves and won control of the entire bay. More importantly, this meant that they controlled the mouth of the York River and could prevent both Cornwallis' escape and any British communication with Cornwallis. On September 28, 1781, Washington and Rochambeau, along with Lafayette's troops and 3,000 of de Grasse's men, arrived at Yorktown. In all, there were approximately 17,000 men converging on Cornwallis' camp. The stage was set for the final showdown in America's fight for independence. The combined forces approached Yorktown from the South. The French, under Rochambeau, formed the left flank of the attack, while the American troops, under Washington and Lafayette, approached from the right. The city was soon surrounded and under heavy fire. On October 14, the Franco-American forces captured 2 major British redoubts. Cornwallis' options were running out. He even tried sending blacks infected with smallpox over enemy lines in an attempt to infect the American and French troops. After a futile counterattack, Cornwallis offered to surrender on October 17. On the 19th of October, the papers were signed and he officially surrendered. jane eyre :: essays research papers When General Rochambeau met General Washington in 1781 to determine their next move against the British, Washington wanted to attack New York City. Rochambeau convinced him that the wiser move was to move South. Word had come from General Lafayette in Virginia that Cornwallis had taken up a defensive position at Yorktown. Cornwallis was situated next to the York River. If they could surround the city by land and cut off Cornwallis' escape route on the river, Washington and Rochambeau would strike an enormous blow to the British forces. Planning for the elaborate campaign began immediately. French Admiral de Grasse, stationed in the West Indies, would sail with his fleet to the Chesapeake Bay and secure the mouth of the York River. Meanwhile, Washington and Rochambeau would march south to Yorktown and form a semicircle around the city. The plan was simple in concept, but it would take great military skill to execute. First, Washington and Rochambeau started to march towards New York City. They stationed approximately 2500 men at the American forts near the city to fool the British into believing that Washington's entire force was still there. Then the combined Franco-American army raced south to Virginia. As they marched south, Admiral de Grasse's fleet arrived at the Chesapeake Bay. They defeated the British fleet of Admiral Thomas Graves and won control of the entire bay. More importantly, this meant that they controlled the mouth of the York River and could prevent both Cornwallis' escape and any British communication with Cornwallis. On September 28, 1781, Washington and Rochambeau, along with Lafayette's troops and 3,000 of de Grasse's men, arrived at Yorktown. In all, there were approximately 17,000 men converging on Cornwallis' camp. The stage was set for the final showdown in America's fight for independence. The combined forces approached Yorktown from the South. The French, under Rochambeau, formed the left flank of the attack, while the American troops, under Washington and Lafayette, approached from the right. The city was soon surrounded and under heavy fire. On October 14, the Franco-American forces captured 2 major British redoubts. Cornwallis' options were running out. He even tried sending blacks infected with smallpox over enemy lines in an attempt to infect the American and French troops. After a futile counterattack, Cornwallis offered to surrender on October 17. On the 19th of October, the papers were signed and he officially surrendered.

rights fees in sport :: essays research papers

The steadfast rule when it comes to sports and rights fees is that it’s the business of entertainment. The dollars are going to go where the value is. With Rights fees, networks pay fees to have the rights to a particular broadcast, for example march madness, the NFL or the Olympics. Rights fees are determined by the value a certain property holds, this is determined by the ratings. The most important ratings market world wide is undisputedly the North American, and in particular the US market as we will later discuss with the Olympic media coverage. With in the US it is a battle field to increase ratings because of the dollar value associated with the opportunity to sell advertising and consequently the rights fees. Personally I believe that 1.725 billion is a ridiculous amount for NBC to pay for the rights fees of March Madness. But obviously they are not mad. The economics and financials behind their decisions to continually pay more and more is justifiable. Once again boiling down to the ratings. The 70 hours of March Madness are extremely popular in the US and boast extremely high ratings. Therefore, advertisers are willing to pay the big bucks to get their ads on the air. The same is true about the Superbowl, with 30 second advertising sports reaching astronomical highs networks are lining up to buy the rights fees for the event. As Bill Brown the senior vice president of Fox Sports stated, â€Å" we want entertainment†¦we want to televise the teams that will deliver us the highest ratings†. That truly summarizes the essence of sport media today, and why rights fees are working. â€Å"Fox, paying MLB about $417 million a year in a deal†, which expires next year. With base ball’s popularity on the rise again the rights fees for the league are undoubtadly going to increase. But as the numbers have shown the Fox network is the big spender when it comes to rights fees, dispensing $2.5 billion from 2001 to 2006 on MLB alone. While Fox has a hold on baseball, Time Warner and ABC/ESPN seem to be focusing their dollars on the NBA, both handing over just over $2 billion over a 6 year period . But as aformentioned the rating speak volumes and while the NBA is very popular in the US, from a network point of view March Madness, NCAA basketball is a winner.

Bad Samarians

Ha-Joon Chang is a Cambridge heterodox economist, who specializes in development economics and the abject poverty of the Third World countries. Trained at the University of Cambridge, he has served as a consultant to the World Bank, the European Investment Bank, and various United Nations agencies. Since 1992 he has also served on the editorial board of the Cambridge Journal of Economics, he is the author and contributor of many researches in economics.The objective of this essay – to review his views described in his controversial new book â€Å"Bad Samaritans: The Myth of Free Trade and the Secret History of Capitalism,† and to compare it with the more traditional views where it possible. Bad Samaritans Mostly in his book Ha-Joon Chang appeals to his opponents, orthodox economists, and generalists in particular. Ha-Joon Chang has wide personal experience because he was born in the country that was one of the poorest on Earth that time. The new book starts with the des cription of economic downturn in Korea after the Korean War.It is hard to believe, but the famous Samsung Company that time was subsidized by sugar refining and textile enterprises. Another big company, Pohang Iron and Steel Co. , or POSCO, which now is the third largest steel company in the world, was state-owned and couldn’t get the support from the World Bank. Analyzing the development of other economics in the 1960s, the author notices that Japanese government refused to follow the politics of free trade that time and this decision had a positive impact on Japanese car manufacturing industry.In other case modern famous Japanese companies could be the filials of Western companies, and nothing more. This thonking leads the reader to the concept of what Ha-Joon Chang calls the â€Å"Bad Samaritans. † As the author described, â€Å"people in the rich countries who preach free markets and free trade to the poor countries in order to capture larger shares of the latterà ¢â‚¬â„¢s markets and preempt the emergence of possible competitors. They are saying ‘do as we say, not as we did’ and act as Bad Samaritans, taking advantage of others who are in trouble.† Chang divides â€Å"Bad Samaritans† into two groups: first are the leaders working in the â€Å"unholy trinity† of global financial organizations: World Bank, World Trade Organization and International Monetary Fund, and second are the ideologues – â€Å"those who believe in Bad Samaritan policies because they think those policies are ‘right,’ not because they personally benefit from them much, if at all. † The common feature of both groups is the adherence to a doctrine called â€Å"neoliberalism†, which is dominating in the global economy from 1970s till nowadays.The worst in this doctrine, according the opinion of the author, is the fact that those countries that propagate this doctrine all over the world reject its implementati on in their own economical systems. The key characteristics of neoliberalistic economics were called â€Å"Golden Straitjacket,† which is the only root to economic success according its advocates, like â€Å"unholy trinity†. They actively implement this economic policy in poor and developing countries.As it known from the Nobel-awarded researchers of orthodox economists, the Golden Straitjacket policy struggle for trade liberalization, reducing corruption and state bureaucracy, privatization of state-owned enterprises and pensions, balancing the national budget, intellectual rights protection and other trends and policies which are intended to guarantee the stable economic growth. In real life the implementation of these policies in developing countries leads to creation of economical dependence from global financial organizations.At the same time the most developed countries don’t implement the Golden Straitjacket policy. Ha-Joon Chang writes: â€Å"Practicall y all of today’s developed countries, including Britain and the US, the supposed homes of the free market and free trade, have become rich on the basis of policy recipes that go against neo-liberal economics. † Rich countries protect their manufacturer from the foreign investments and use subsidies and protections to protect their industries. The WTO sanctions are considered by rich countries as the lesser evil.Chang enumerates prominent men from different countries whose economic solutions became the basis of their countries flourishing. All of them struggled for the development of the national production and used protectionists’ politics. Chang notices out that nowadays the most developed countries do the same, especially the USA. He claims the Third World War has already begun and the USA tries to maintain its position as global hegemon. There are already conquered sides in this war, and one of them is the African countries. As the result of neoliberalism poli cy,The living standards in Africa are falling within the recent thirty years, because IMF and World Bank run most of African economies virtually. All the features of neoliberalizm described above were implemented in African countries. As the result the struggle with corruption ruined the system of communities existed before, the struggle with bureaucracy left courtiers without the perfect executive power branch, the intellectual property protection prevented the development of sciences, and pension privatization left the elder people to the poverty.Chang criticizes the struggle with the corruption because, according his words, â€Å"Most of today’s rich countries successfully industrialized despite the fact that their own public life was spectacularly corrupt. † Another object of sharp critics of the author is the concept of cultural influence on the economical performance of the country. The popular idea tells that the culture if the country defined the business metho ds of its people and thus their economic success. First this idea is an intolerant and chauvinists’ one, second, cultural differenced fail be the main explanation for economic success.He claims that the culture of the country is the result of economical development and not the cause. Using the chapters describing the mechanisms of economical development in different countries Chang proves that cultural explanation is just the screen to mask the real reason: the richest countries are afraid of competitors from below and do their best to annihilate the possible competition in the moment of origin. Generally, Chang writes, the policy of protectionism is absolutely normal, because it exists for ages. The problem is in hypocrisy surrounding â€Å"free trade†.According to Chang, â€Å"Belief in the virtue of free trade is so central to the neo-liberal orthodoxy that it is effectively what defines a neo-liberal economist. You may question (if not totally reject) any other el ement of the neo-liberal agenda—open capital markets, strong patents, or even privatization—and still stay in the neo-liberal church. However, once you object to free trade, you are effectively inviting ex-communication. † Analyzing the existing situation on the global market, Chang concludes that the golden straitjacket fits the healthy countries only.This policy allows production distribution between countries, and poor countries are forces to specialize in the sector s that â€Å"offer low productivity growth and thus low growth in living standards. This is why so few countries have succeeded with free trade, while most successful countries have used infant industry protection to one degree or another. † Thus, the free trade, according the Chang, is a fiction and the tool for rich countries and â€Å"unholy trinity† for redistribution of wealth. ConclusionThe views of Ha-Joon Chang to the development of global economy nowadays are contradictory a nd don’t correspond to the mainstream in the economical science. However there are many writers and scientists with the same mind who share Chang’s ideas that the ideology of free trade and its implementation are two different things, and the first of them can be used as the powerful tool of economical influence. Reference Ha-Joon Chang. 2007. Bad Samaritans:The Myth of Free Trade and the Secret History of Capitalism. Bloomsbury Press

Bridal Assignment

J. Crew has become a famous American brand in the retail and garment industry. It started out in 1983 with catalogs, and by 1989J. Crew established their first store which expanded to â€Å"206 retail and 69 outlet stores† through out the US. In 2004, J. Crew launched its wedding line that positively affected the increase of the direct sales of the company. J. Crew’s wedding line headed by Jenna Lyons, creative director, is famous for their simple and refined dresses with minimal bead and lace works.The design of the dresses is classic yet fun ranging from white to champagne-colored garments. More so, the price range from $1,000 to $3,000. Presently, J. Crew’s wedding line does not have any retail stores. They sell their garments through their catalog and website. To compensate for the lack of retail store, J. Crew offers additional wedding services for free including alteration of the garments and complimentary staff that will be of assistance to the customer (F ischer, 2005). Meanwhile, Clea Colet is a bridal gallery headed by Clea Colet who is also the head wedding dress designer.Their store in located at the Madison Avenue in New York City is an upscale boutique where clients can browse to the wide array of exquisite collections or customized their unique wedding dresses She is known for her â€Å"cautious with silhouettes† wherein most dresses have an A-line cut instead of looking like a ball gown. Also, Cle Colet designs have only minimal ornamentations and design wherein only a simple draping or fine beading are incorporated to accentuate the garments (New York Magazine, 2008).As Clea Colet once have said, to find one’s dream dress, a bride must look for â€Å"classic, timeless, flattering to her figure, and appropriate for her location† which are the main characteristics of her wedding dress designs (Manhattanbride. com, 2009). Most of the customized dresses are sold in price range of $2,500 to $6,500 garments (N ew York Magazine, 2008). Part 1 B J. Crew’s latest collection for their wedding line for Spring 2009 is very exquisite and stylish. The style varies from one dress to another but the one thing in common in these wedding gowns is that they flatter a woman’s figure.More so, the diversity of the collection is intended to address the different needs, wants and tastes of women. There is a â€Å"column-style jeweled cady gown made out of silk cotton† with necklace rhinestones and crystals accents, a champagne-colored empire-cut Esme Gown, â€Å"bow-tie dress made out of the softest silk tricotine with scooped neckline accented by pleated chiffon and a trumpet skirt that flatters all body types† and many others(Weddingbellsblog. com, 2008). On the other hand, Clea Colet’s present collection was inspired by the many kinds of weddings designed by modern and independent brides.Most of the dresses would fit any theme of the wedding whether beach or a formal s etting. The designs are simple and uncomplicated but they exude elegance and uniqueness which makes them timeless or classic pieces. Most of the dresses were made from chiffon, silk and taffeta with complimentary accents of delicate lace and bead works. More so, most of the gown are strapless ball gowns or figure fitting dress with a free flowing bottom (Manhattanbride. com, 2009). Part 2 Both Macy’s and Target’s Wedding Registry are very easy to use and to navigate.These two retail stores offer an assortment of products ranging from electronics to kitchenware that are essential and very stylish. For couples who want to register, both Macy’s and Target only require them to provide basic information such as e-mail address and telephone numbers in order to facilitate fast transactions. The two department stores have almost similar features for their wedding registry websites. Both stores present their products by category and they also provide recommendations on m erchandises that are popular and most commonly picked by couples.More so, a checklist is provided in order for couples to have a guide on the items that they want. Basically, the wedding registry websites of Macy’s and Target are a convenient and practical way of choosing products that will help couples to facilitate a smooth transition to married life. However, Target’s website is easier to navigate because you just have to mark the items that you want while at Macy’s you have to click on the item and then add it to your wedding registry. Also, Target presents at least 20 items in 1 page while Macy’s only show 5 to10 items.Furthermore, the list of chosen items at Target is more organized with detail information about the product, shipping and the stores where it can be bought. On the other hand, Macy’s registry list is less detail-oriented but it offers other promotions such as gift wrapping and gift etiquette which are also necessary to consider when selecting wedding gifts. Overall, all the information and the features of the websites can definitely be of great help to the bride and groom as well as to their guests. Part 3In a wedding, the bride and groom are not the only essential personalities that are needed in order to facilitate a successful union ceremony. This occasion requires another figure that will ensure the smooth execution of all the wedding plans and this person comes in the form of a wedding planner. A wedding planner is responsible for the pre, during and post planning stages of the wedding. Furthermore, the wedding planner must assist the couple in every way possible to help in reducing the stress which is an inevitable occurrence in preparing for one of the most special events that an individual can experience during his or her lifetime.So, a big responsibility is appointed to a wedding planner and whoever takes on the role must be equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills. Preparation prior to th e wedding day is considered to be the most important stage because this is when all the principal matters are discussed and organized. Initially, a wedding planner must first meet with the couple in order to determine their needs and wants for the wedding. Then, the wedding planner would help the couple to choose the wedding venue and wedding theme.After this, the wedding planner would work on the wedding decorations, seating arrangements, photographers, invitations and everything else that are needed in a wedding. Moreover, during the wedding, the wedding planner needs to make sure that everything that was planned will materialize. The wedding planner will act out as the supervisor who will ensure that everyone will do their tasks to make the wedding a success. But the job of a wedding planner does not stop there. The wedding planner will still work even after the wedding. He or she will make sure that all financial matters will settled and every guest will receive wedding favors.B ut most importantly, the wedding planner must ensure that the bride and groom had the time of their life (Manohar, 2008). Part 3 The wedding of Prince Rainier Grimaldi and Prince Grace Kelly of Monaco took place on April 18, 1956 at the â€Å"Palace Throne Room† in Monaco. It was a â€Å"40-minute civil ceremony† that was broadcasted to millions of television across Europe and the US. The next day, the wedding continued with a church ceremony at Saint Nicholas Cathedral. The wedding was attended by high-profiled personalities such as Royal figures and Hollywood celebrities (Weddinggownreviews. com, 2009).The bride wore a â€Å"lace decorated upper bodice with a high neck† designed by Helen Rose who was then the MGM wardrobe designer. The gown was â€Å"made from antique Valenciennes rose point lace, 25 yards of silk taffeta, 98 yards of tulle and her veil was covered with appliqued lace lovebirds and thousands of seed pearls. † More so, the whole entourag e was also designed by Helen Rose who gave a glamorous but classic style to the dresses. For the groom, Prince Rainier wore a â€Å"Napoleonic influenced dress uniform. † Then, the ceremony was followed by a lavish garden reception for the newlyweds and their celebrity guests (Thomas, 2009).References Fischer, J. (2005, September 1). J. Crew commits to wedding line. Retrieved March 18, 2009, from http://multichannelmerchant. com/mag/crew_commits_wedding_0901/ Manhattanbride. com. (2009). Clea Colet. Retrieved March 18, 2009, http://www. manhattanbride. com/fashionstories/CleaFash. html Manohar, U. (20008, October 17). What are the duties of a Wedding Planner. Retrieved March 19, 2009, from http://www. buzzle. com/articles/what-are-the-duties-of-a-wedding-planner. html New York Magazine. (2008). Bridal Gowns Directory. Retrieved March 18, 2009, from http://nymag.com/weddings/listings/gowns/index1. html Thomas, P. W. (2009). A Royal Wedding. Retrieved March 18, 2009, from http: //www. fashion-era. com/Weddings/1956_old_wedding_photos_royal. htm Weddingbellsblog. com. (2008, December 18). J. Crew Wedding Collection 2009. Retrieved March 18, 2009, from http://weddingbellsblog. com/designers-couturier/j-crew-wedding-collection-2009/ Weddinggownreviews. com. (2009, February 6). Princess Grace of Monaco. Retrieved March 18, 2009, from http://www. weddinggownsreview. com/princess-wedding-gowns/princess-grace-of-monaco